When Was the National Gallery of Art Washington Built

National art museum in Washington, D.C., United States

This article is almost the U.s. fine art museum. For other national art galleries, encounter Listing of national galleries.

National Gallery of Art

Location in Washington, D.C. Testify map of Washington, D.C. National Gallery of Fine art (the United states of america) Show map of the United States
Established	1937; 85 years ago  (1937)
Location	National Mall between 3rd and ninth Streets at Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20565, National Mall, Washington, D.C.
Coordinates	38°53′29″Due north 77°01′12″W  /  38.89139°N 77.02000°West  / 38.89139; -77.02000 Coordinates: 38°53′29″N 77°01′12″Due west  /  38.89139°N 77.02000°Due west  / 38.89139; -77.02000
Drove size	75,000 prints
Visitors	1,704,606 (2021) - Ranked 6th globally[1]
Director	Kaywin Feldman
President	Mitchell Rales
Chairperson	Sharon Rockefeller
Public transit access	Washington Metro: Judiciary Square archives Smithsonian L'Enfant Metrobus: 4th Street and 7th Street NW DC Circulator: 4th Street and Madison Drive; 9th Street and Constitution Artery NW
Website	nga.gov

The National Gallery of Art, and its attached Sculpture Garden, is a national art museum in Washington, D.C., United states, located on the National Mall, between 3rd and 9th Streets, at Constitution Artery NW. Open to the public and free of charge, the museum was privately established in 1937 for the American people past a joint resolution of the United States Congress. Andrew Due west. Mellon donated a substantial fine art drove and funds for construction. The core collection includes major works of art donated by Paul Mellon, Ailsa Mellon Bruce, Lessing J. Rosenwald, Samuel Henry Kress, Rush Harrison Kress, Peter Arrell Browne Widener, Joseph Due east. Widener, and Chester Dale. The Gallery's collection of paintings, drawings, prints, photographs, sculpture, medals, and decorative arts traces the evolution of Western Art from the Middle Ages to the present, including the only painting by Leonardo da Vinci in the Americas and the largest mobile created past Alexander Calder.

The Gallery's campus includes the original neoclassical Westward Building designed by John Russell Pope, which is linked underground to the modernistic East Building, designed past I. Yard. Pei, and the 6.1-acre (25,000 m²) Sculpture Garden. The Gallery often presents temporary special exhibitions spanning the world and the history of art. It is one of the largest museums in North America.

For the latitude, scope, and magnitude of its collections, the National Gallery is widely considered to be 1 of the greatest museums in the U.s.a. of America, frequently ranking aslope the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Museum of Modern Art in New York Metropolis, the Art Found of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts. Of the top iii art museums in the United states of america by annual visitors, it is the only one that has no admission fee. in 2021 information technology attracted ane,704,606 visitors, and ranked fifth on the list of most visited fine art museums in the world.^[ii]

History [edit]

Origins [edit]

Andrew Due west. Mellon, Pittsburgh banker and Treasury Secretarial assistant from 1921 until 1932, began gathering a private collection of erstwhile main paintings and sculptures during Globe War I. During the late 1920s, Mellon decided to direct his collecting efforts towards the establishment of a new national gallery for the United States.

In 1930, partly for tax reasons, Mellon formed the A. W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust, which was to be the legal owner of works intended for the gallery. In 1930–1931, the Trust made its first major acquisition, 21 paintings from the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg as role of the Soviet sale of Hermitage paintings, including such masterpieces every bit Raphael'south Alba Madonna, Titian's Venus with a Mirror, and Jan van Eyck's Annunciation.

In 1929 Mellon had initiated contact with the recently appointed Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Charles Greeley Abbot. Mellon was appointed in 1931 as a Commissioner of the Institution'southward National Gallery of Fine art. When the director of the Gallery retired, Mellon asked Abbot not to appoint a successor, as he proposed to endow a new edifice with funds for expansion of the collections.

However, Mellon'due south trial for taxation evasion, centering on the Trust and the Hermitage paintings, caused the plan to be modified. In 1935, Mellon announced in The Washington Star his intention to plant a new gallery for one-time masters, separate from the Smithsonian. When asked by Abbot, he explained that the project was in the hands of the Trust and that its decisions were partly dependent on "the attitude of the Government towards the souvenir".

In January 1937, Mellon formally offered to create the new Gallery. On his birthday, 24 March 1937, an Act of Congress accepted the collection and edifice funds (provided through the Trust), and approved the structure of a museum on the National Mall.

The new gallery was to be effectively self-governing, not controlled by the Smithsonian, merely took the erstwhile proper name "National Gallery of Art" while the Smithsonian's gallery would exist renamed the "National Drove of Fine Arts" (now the Smithsonian American Art Museum).^{[3] [four] [5]}

Construction and later history [edit]

The museum stands on the sometime site of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station, where in 1881 a disgruntled office seeker, Charles Guiteau, shot President James Garfield (see James A. Garfield assassination).^[half-dozen] The station was demolished in 1908 because it did not conform to the McMillan Programme for the Mall. In 1918, temporary state of war buildings were constructed on the site; these were demolished past 1921 to construct the foundation of the George Washington Memorial Building, which was never completed. The site was and then reassigned to the new National Gallery of Art.^[7]

Designed by architect John Russell Pope, the new structure was completed and accepted past President Franklin D. Roosevelt on behalf of the American people on March 17, 1941. At the time of its inception it was the largest marble structure in the world. Neither Mellon nor Pope lived to see the museum completed; both died in tardily August 1937, merely two months later on excavation had begun.^[6]

As predictable past Mellon, the creation of the National Gallery encouraged the donation of other substantial art collections by a number of private donors. Founding benefactors included such individuals as Paul Mellon, Samuel H. Kress, Rush H. Kress, Ailsa Mellon Bruce, Chester Dale, Joseph Widener, Lessing J. Rosenwald and Edgar William and Bernice Chrysler Garbisch.

The Gallery's East Building was constructed in the 1970s on much of the remaining state left over from the original congressional action. Andrew Mellon'southward children, Paul Mellon and Ailsa Mellon Bruce, funded the building. Designed by builder I. M. Pei, the contemporary structure was completed in 1978 and was opened on June one of that year by President Jimmy Carter. The new edifice was built to house the Museum's collection of modern paintings, drawings, sculptures, and prints, besides as report and research centers and offices. The design received a National Honor Award from the American Constitute of Architects in 1981.

The terminal addition to the complex is the National Gallery of Art Sculpture Garden. Completed and opened to the public on May 23, 1999, the location provides an outdoor setting for exhibiting a number of large pieces from the Museum's gimmicky sculpture collection.

In 2011, an extensive refurbishment and renovation of the French galleries were undertaken. Every bit office of the celebration of the reopening of this wing, organist Alexander Frey performed 4 sold-out recitals of music of France in one weekend in the French Gallery.

Operations [edit]

The National Gallery of Art is supported through a private-public partnership. The United States federal government provides funds, through almanac appropriations, to back up the museum's operations and maintenance. All artwork, as well as special programs, are provided through private donations and funds.^[eight] The museum is non role of the Smithsonian Establishment.

Noted directors of the National Gallery have included David E. Finley, Jr. (1938-1956), John Walker (1956–1968), and J. Carter Brownish (1968–1993). Earl A. "Rusty" Powell 3 was named manager in 1993. In March 2019 he was succeeded by Kaywin Feldman, past manager and president of the Minneapolis Institute of Art.^{[9] [10]} The museum hired Evelyn Carmen Ramos, the start woman and the first person of color to be the chief curatorial and conservation officer, in 2021.^[11]

The president of the museum is billionaire businessman Mitchell Rales and its chairperson is Sharon Rockefeller.^[12]

Entry to both buildings of the National Gallery of Art is gratuitous of accuse. The museum is open up daily from 10 a.yard. – five p.m. It is closed on December 25 and January ane.^[13]

During the COVID-xix pandemic, the National Gallery was largely closed to the public. Nonetheless, visitors were able to schedule appointments to access the due west building in small numbers.^[14]

Architecture [edit]

"East Edifice" redirects hither. Not to exist confused with Eastern Building.

Exhibitions in the West Building

Exhibitions in the East Building

Walkway to West Edifice and Pour Cafe in National Gallery of Art, Washington.D.C.

The museum comprises two buildings: the W Building (1941) and the Due east Edifice (1978) linked by an underground passage. The Due west Building, composed of pink Tennessee marble, was designed in 1937 by architect John Russell Pope in a neoclassical style (every bit is Pope'south other notable building in Washington, D.C., the Jefferson Memorial). Designed in the form of an elongated H, the building is centered on a domed rotunda modeled on the interior of the Pantheon in Rome. Extending east and west from the rotunda, a pair of skylit sculpture halls provide its chief circulation spine. Bright garden courts provide a counterpoint to the long main axis of the edifice.

Dome of West Building, an archway to permanent Renaissance Fine art collections

Indoor garden court with paired Ionic columns and symmetrical planting beds. August 2021.

The West Building has an all-encompassing collection of paintings and sculptures by European masters from the medieval period through the tardily 19th century, as well as pre-20th century works by American artists. Highlights of the collection include many paintings by Jan Vermeer, Rembrandt van Rijn, Claude Monet, Vincent van Gogh, and Leonardo da Vinci.

In dissimilarity, the design of the East Edifice, by architect I. One thousand. Pei, is geometrical, dividing the trapezoidal shape of the site into 2 triangles: 1 contains public galleries, and the other houses a library, offices, and a study center. The triangles establish a motif that is echoed throughout the building, realized in every dimension.

The East Building'southward central feature is a high atrium designed equally an open up interior court that is enclosed by a sculptural space spanning 16,000 sq ft (1,500 mⁱⁱ). The atrium is centered on the same axis that forms the circulation spine for the West Building and is constructed in the aforementioned Tennessee marble.^[fifteen]

Notwithstanding, in 2005 the joints attaching the marble panels to the walls began to testify signs of strain, creating a hazard that panels might autumn onto visitors below. In 2008, NGA officials decided that it had become necessary to remove and reinstall all of the panels. The renovation was completed in 2016.^[16]

The E Edifice focuses on modern and contemporary art, with a drove including works past Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Jackson Pollock, Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Alexander Calder, a 1977 mural by Robert Motherwell and works by many other artists. The Due east Building also contains the master offices of the NGA and a large research facility, Middle for Advanced Written report in the Visual Arts (CASVA). Among the highlights of the East Building in 2012 was an exhibition of Barnett Newman's The Stations of the Cross serial of 14 black and white paintings (1958–66).^[17] Newman painted them later he had recovered from a middle attack; they are usually regarded as the peak of his achievement.^{[ citation needed ]} The series has also been seen as a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust.^[18]

The ii buildings are connected by a walkway below fourth street, called "the Concourse" on the museum'due south map. In 2008, the National Gallery of Art commissioned American artist Leo Villareal to transform the Concourse into an creative installation. Today, Multiverse is the largest and most complex light sculpture by Villareal featuring approximately 41,000 estimator-programmed LED nodes that run through channels along the entire 200 ft (61 m)-long infinite.^[nineteen] The concourse as well includes the nutrient court and a gift shop.

The concluding chemical element of the National Gallery of Fine art circuitous, the Sculpture Garden was completed in 1999 after more than 30 years of planning. To the west of the W Building, on the opposite side of Seventh Street, the 6.1 acres (2.5 ha) Sculpture Garden was designed by landscape builder Laurie Olin^[twenty] as an outdoor gallery for awe-inspiring modern sculpture.

The Sculpture Garden contains plantings of Native American species of canopy and flowering trees, shrubs, ground covers, and perennials. A circular reflecting pool and fountain form the center of its blueprint, which arching pathways of granite and crushed stone complement. (The pool becomes an ice-skating rink during the winter.) The sculptures exhibited in the surrounding landscaped area include pieces past Marc Chagall, David Smith, Mark Di Suvero, Roy Lichtenstein, Sol LeWitt, Tony Smith, Roxy Paine, Joan Miró, Louise Bourgeois, and Hector Guimard.^[21]

The lobby of National gallery of Art Due east Building

Taken at the exterior wall of National gallery of Art East Building

Renovations [edit]

The NGA'southward West Edifice was renovated from 2007 to 2009. Although some galleries closed for periods of time, others remained open.^[22]

After congressional testimony that the East Building suffered from "systematic structural failures", NGA adopted a Main Renovations Plan in 1999. This programme established the timeline for closing the edifice, and planned for the renovation of the electronic security systems, elevators, and HVAC.^[23] Space between the ceilings of existing galleries and the building's skylights (which was never completed when the building was constructed in 1978)^[23] would be renovated into two, 23 ft (7.0 k) loftier, hexagonal Tower Galleries. The galleries would have a combined 12,260 sq ft (1,139 thou²) of infinite and will exist lit by skylights. A rooftop sculpture garden would also be added. NGA officials said that the Tower Galleries would probably house modernistic art, and the creation of a distinct "Rothko Room" was possible.

Showtime in 2011, NGA undertook an $85 million restoration of the Eastward Building's façade.^[24] The East Edifice is clad in 3 in (7.6 cm) thick pink marble panels. The panels are held about two in (5.ane cm) abroad from the wall by stainless steel anchors. Gravity holds the console in the bottom anchors (which are placed at each corner), while "button head" anchors (stainless steel posts with big, flat heads) at the acme corners go on the panel upright. Mortar was used on the gravity anchors to level the stones. Joints of flexible colored neoprene were placed between the panels. This system was designed to allow each panel to hang independent of its neighbors, and NGA officials say they are non aware of whatsoever other console organisation like it.

However, many panels were accidentally mortared together. Seasonal heating and cooling of the façade, infiltration of moisture, and shrinkage of the building's structural concrete by ii in (v.1 cm) over time acquired all-encompassing harm to the façade. In 2005, regular maintenance showed that some panels were cracked or significantly damaged, while others leaned past more 1 in (ii.v cm) out from the building (threatening to autumn).

The NGA hired the structural technology firm Robert Silman Associates to determine the cause of the trouble.^[25] Although the Gallery began raising individual funds to fix the issue,^[25] eventually federal funding was used to repair the building.^[24] In 2012, the NGA chose a joint venture, Balfour Beatty/Smoot, to complete the repairs. Anodized aluminum anchors replaced the stainless steel ones, and the summit corner anchors were moved to the center of the top border of each stone. The neoprene joints were removed and new colored silicone gaskets installed, and leveling screws rather than mortar used to keep the panels foursquare. Work began in November 2011,^[25] and originally was scheduled to end in 2014.^[24] By February 2012, however, the contractor said work on the façade would end in tardily 2013, and site restoration would have place in 2014.^[25] The East Building remained open throughout the project.^[22]

In March 2013, the National Gallery of Art announced a $68.4 one thousand thousand renovation to the East Edifice. This included $38.4 million to refurbish the interior mechanical institute of the structure,^[23] and $xxx 1000000 to create new exhibition infinite.^[22] Considering the athwart interior space of the E Building fabricated information technology impossible to close off galleries,^[23] the renovation required all but the atrium and offices to close by Dec 2013. The structure remained closed for three years. The architectural firm of Hartman-Cox oversaw both aspects of the renovation.^[23]

A grouping of benefactors — which included Victoria and Roger Sant, Mitchell and Emily Rales, and David Rubenstein — privately financed the renovation. The Washington Postal service reported that the donation was one of the largest the NGA had received in a decade.^[22] NGA staff said that they would employ the closure to conserve artwork, plan purchases, and develop exhibitions. Plans for renovating conservation, construction, exhibition prep, groundskeeping, role, storage, and other internal facilities were also gear up, but would non exist implemented for many years.^{[23] [26]}

Buildings [edit]

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  The West Edifice soon after construction, looking southeast from the National Mall

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  Due north face of the W Edifice, with the west side of the Due east Building and the United States Capitol in background

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  Due south face of the West Building (2014)

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  Rotunda of the West Building beneath dome (2004)

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  Oculus of the West Building dome (2008)

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  West Building sculpture gallery (2007)

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  W Edifice garden court (2010)

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  Satellite epitome of National Gallery of Fine art grounds and surrounding streets (2002)

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  Center of W Building plaza, looking due west towards Due west Building (2010)

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  Fountain in West Building plaza (2010)

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  View of fountain from concourse beneath Westward Building plaza (2013)

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  Heart of West Building plaza, looking east towards entrance of East Building (2000)

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  South confront of East Building, looking northwest from southeast corner (2010)

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  Southwest corner of East Building, looking e (2007)

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  Southwest corner of East Building during renovation, looking northeast (2014)

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  East Building atrium (2007)

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  E Edifice atrium (2007)

Drove [edit]

Gerard van Honthorst's monumental 1623 masterwork, The Concert, was caused by the NGA in 2013 and went on display for the showtime time in 218 years.

The NGA's collection galleries and Sculpture Garden display European and American paintings, sculpture, works on paper, photographs, and decorative arts. Paintings in the permanent drove engagement from the Heart Ages to the present. The Italian Renaissance drove includes two panels from Duccio'southward Maesta, the tondo of the Adoration of the Magi by Fra Angelico and Filippo Lippi, a Botticelli work on the same subject, Giorgione's Allendale Nascence, Giovanni Bellini's The Banquet of the Gods, Ginevra de' Benci (the only painting by Leonardo da Vinci in the Americas) and groups of works by Titian and Raphael.

The collections include paintings by many European masters, including a version of Saint Martin and the Beggar, past El Greco, and works by Matthias Grünewald, Cranach the Elder, Rogier van der Weyden, Albrecht Dürer, Frans Hals, Rembrandt, Johannes Vermeer, Francisco Goya, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, and Eugène Delacroix, among others. The collection of sculpture and decorative arts includes such works as the Chalice of Abbot Suger of St-Denis and a collection of work by Auguste Rodin and Edgar Degas. Other highlights of the permanent collection include the 2d of the 2 original sets of Thomas Cole's series of paintings titled The Voyage of Life, (the first set is at the Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute in Utica, New York) and the original version of Watson and the Shark by John Singleton Copley (two other versions are in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and the Detroit Institute of Arts).

The National Gallery'southward print collection comprises 75,000 prints, in addition to rare illustrated books. It includes collections of works by Albrecht Dürer, Rembrandt, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, William Blake, Mary Cassatt, Edvard Munch, Jasper Johns, and Robert Rauschenberg. The collection began with 400 prints donated by five collectors in 1941. In 1942, Joseph E. Widener donated his entire collection of nearly ii,000 works. In 1943, Lessing Rosenwald donated his collection of eight,000 old primary and modern prints; between 1943 and 1979, he donated nigh 14,000 more than works. In 2008, Dave and Reba White Williams donated their collection of more than than 5,200 American prints.^[27]

In 2013, the NGA purchased from a private French drove Gerard van Honthorst's 1623 painting, The Concert, which had not been publicly viewed since 1795. Subsequently initially displaying the 1.23 by 2.06 m (4.0 by 6.8 ft) The Concert in a special installation in the Westward Building, the NGA moved the painting to a permanent display in the museum's Dutch and Flemish galleries.^[28] Art experts estimated the sale price of The Concert at $20 million, though the NGA did not reveal the amount that information technology had paid.^[29]

Highlights of the collection [edit]

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Selected highlights from the American collection [edit]

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  Thomas Cole, A View of the Mountain Pass Called the Notch of the White Mountains (Crawford Notch), 1839

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See too [edit]

• Collections of the National Gallery of Art
• Listing of original Hermitage paintings in the National Gallery of Art

References [edit]

1. ^ The Fine art Paper Review, March 28,2022
2. ^ The Art Paper annual museum visitor survey, published March 28,2022
3. ^ Fink, Lois Marie "A History of the Smithsonian American Art Museum", University of Massachusetts Printing (2007) ISBN 978-i-55849-616-3, chapter iii
4. ^ National Gallery of Art website: full general introduction Archived December 8, 2006, at the Wayback Motorcar
5. ^ National Gallery of Art website: chronology Archived April vii, 2010, at the Wayback Car
6. ^ ^{a b} "National Gallery of Art, West Building". American Architecture. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved two October 2011.
7. ^ "Cultural Landscape Inventory: The Mall (Part 2)" (PDF). U.Due south. National Park Service. 2006. pp. 49, 53, 72. Retrieved 2021-02-22 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
8. ^ "Major Giving FAQS". www.nga.gov . Retrieved 2022-04-ten .
9. ^ Kerr, Euan, "Mia'south director will leave to caput National Gallery", Minnesota Public Radio News, December 11, 2018.
10. ^ McGlone, Peggy, "The National Gallery of Art will have a female director for the first time in its history", The Washington Post, December 11, 2018.
11. ^ Greenberger, Alex (2021-05-13). "Latinx Art Skillful E. Carmen Ramos Named Chief Curator of National Gallery of Art". ARTnews.com . Retrieved 2021-08-03 .
12. ^ Selvin, Claire (2019-09-27). "National Gallery of Art Names Darren Walker Trustee, Mitchell Rales Appointed President". ARTnews . Retrieved 2019-09-28 .
13. ^ "National Gallery of Art". Maps and Hours. 2016-01-12. Archived from the original on 2016-01-03.
14. ^ "Degas at the Opéra". National Gallery of Fine art. 2020-08-25.
15. ^ NGA.gov Archived Oct iii, 2009, at the Wayback Auto
16. ^ Leigh, Catesby (December 8, 2009). "An Ultramodern Building Shows Signs of Age". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March eleven, 2016.
17. ^ "In The Belfry: Barnett Newman". www.nga.gov. Archived from the original on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
18. ^ Menachem Wecker (August ane, 2012). "His Cross To Acquit. Barnett Newman Dealt With Suffering in 'Zips'". The Jewish Daily Forward. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
19. ^ "Leo Villareal: Multiverse". www.nga.gov.
20. ^ "Almost the Gallery". www.nga.gov. Archived from the original on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
21. ^ "Visit: Sculpture Garden". www.nga.gov. Archived from the original on 26 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
22. ^ ^{a b c d} Boyle, Katherine and Parker, Lonnae O'Neal. "National Gallery of Art Announces $30 Million Renovation to East Building." Washington Post. March 12, 2013. Archived April 21, 2016, at the Wayback Auto Accessed 2013-03-xiii.
23. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Boyle, Katherine. "National Gallery Sees Long-Term Do good in Long Closing of East Building." Washington Post. March thirteen, 2013. Archived January 6, 2018, at the Wayback Automobile Accessed 2013-03-22.
24. ^ ^{a b c} Kelly, John. "Why National Gallery's East Edifice Shed Its Pink Marble Skin." Washington Postal service. February 21, 2012. Archived Jan half-dozen, 2018, at the Wayback Auto Accessed 2013-03-13.
25. ^ ^{a b c d} Dietsch, Deborah Yard. "National Gallery of Art's Famed Eastward Building Gets a Facelift." Washington Business Journal. February 3, 2012. Archived October xviii, 2015, at the Wayback Auto Accessed 2013-03-13.
26. ^ "The CIVITAS Chronicles". traditional-building.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-23.
27. ^ "Prints". Nga.gov. 2013-06-19. Archived from the original on 2013-12-21. Retrieved 2013-12-22 .
28. ^ Boyle, Katherine. "National Gallery Acquires 'The Concert' past Dutch Aureate Age Painter Honthorst." Washington Post. Nov 22, 2013. Archived August 29, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-11-22.
29. ^ Vogel, Carol "National Gallery Acquires a van Honthorst Masterwork." New York Times. Nov 21, 2013. Archived Feb 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-11-22.
30. ^ "Provenance". Nga.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2013-12-22 .

Further reading [edit]

• David Cannadine, Mellon: An American Life, Knopf, 2006, ISBN 0-679-45032-7
• Neil Harris, Capital Culture: J. Carter Brown, the National Gallery of Fine art, and the Reinvention of the Museum Experience, University of Chicago Printing, 2013, ISBN 9780226067704
• Andrew Kelly, Kentucky by Design: The Decorative Arts, American Civilisation, and the Index of American Design, University Printing of Kentucky, 2015. ISBN 978-0-8131-5567-eight
• "The National Gallery of Art, Washington", special number of Connaissance des Arts, Société Français de Promotion Artistique (2000) ISSN 1242-9198

External links [edit]

• Official website
• NGA Collection
• Department of Paradigm Collections, National Gallery of Art Library
• Eye for Avant-garde Study in the Visual Arts

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art

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